• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The disclosure is directed to an apparatus and method for determining the water-filled porosity of formations surrounding a borehole. Alternatively, where porosity is known from other logging information, the disclosed techniques can be utilized for determining the conductivity of the water in formations surrounding a borehole or for determining water saturation. The formations are assumed to comprise a matrix, which may be any subsurface solid material, and fluids contained in the matrix, such as in pore spaces or interstices therein. In accordance with one embodiment, means are provided for deriving a first quantity which is representative of the attenuation of microwave electromagnetic energy propagating between spaced locations in the borehole, the first quantity being, for example, the attenuation constant, alpha . Means are also provided for deriving a second quantity representative of the relative phase shift of microwave electromagnetic energy propagating between the spaced locations, the second quantity being, for example, the phase constant, beta . Further means are provided for deriving a third quantity representative of the conductivity of the water in the formations surrounding the spaced locations. In the preferred form of the invention, the investigated formations are in the invaded zone surrounding the borehole and the conductivity of the water is determinable from the conductivity of the drilling mud being utilized and the nature of the mud filtrate resulting from invasion of the formations by the drilling mud. Means are also provided for generating a fourth quantity which is proportional to the product of the first and second quantities and inversely proportional to the third quantity. The generated fourth quantity is indicative of the water-filled porosity, phi w, of the formations adjacent the region of the spaced locations in the borehole. In alternative forms of the invention, where porosity is known, the conductivity, sigma w, or the apparent conductivity, sigma w', of the water in formations surrounding the borehole is determined.
    公开号:SU1232131A3
    申请号:SU782628946
    申请日:1978-06-16
    公开日:1986-05-15
    发明作者:Р.Коутс Джордж
    申请人:Шлюмбергер Оверсиз С.А. (Фирма)；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:


    The invention relates to well logs and is intended to determine the physical properties of the rocks surrounding a borehole. When the porosity is already known from other logging data, the invention can be used to determine the conductivity of water in the rocks surrounding a borehole, or to determine the water saturation. The rocks are assumed to be a matrix, which can consist of any solid rock material, and this matrix contains liquid either in the pore spaces or in the spaces between them. Using this device it is possible to determine the volume of water or the conductivity of water contained in rocks,
    The resistivity (conductivity) of rocks is usually measured at relatively low frequencies, either by electrical mapping or by induction logging. The electrical conductivity of rocks thus determined is largely a function of the volume of water and its conductivity. For conventional logging devices, which determine the resistivity, the measured conductivity of rocks is equal to the product of two quantities, one of which is the porosity of the rocks filled with water, raised to the appropriate degree, and the other conductivity of water.
    For most rocks, the exponent is usually 2, so that the measured complex conductivity of the rocks varies approximately like the square of the water-filled porosity in a linear relationship to the conductivity of the water contained in the rocks. Using this ratio together with additional data obtained from logging or coring, you can determine the volume or conductivity of water. For example, if the conductivity of water is known for a given zone of a rock formation, it is possible to determine the water-filled porosity of the formation in the zone using the measured value of the formation conductivity and the indicated ratio. Or if the porosity filled with water is a known quantity, then
    5 y 15 20
    , 25, - 35
    40
    45
    50
    55
    31-2
    . Determine the conductivity of the water saturating the formation.
    A device for logging (EMP) is known, which makes it possible to investigate the rocks surrounding the borehole by radiating microwave electromagnetic energy into the medium under study and measuring its distribution in the medium.
    When such a device is in operation, the generated microwave energy propagates in the form of transverse waves in the medium adjacent to the interface between the drilling fluid and the borehole wall in the so-called penetration zone. The energy of the transverse wave is measured by spaced installations and it is judged on physical ones. properties of rocks.
    The specified device contains a computational logging device for processing the results of microwave electromagnetic logging, including a computer with two inputs, one of which receives a signal, characterizing the attenuation of the microwave electromagnetic wave passing through the studied rocks of the borehole, and the other equal to the phase shift between two measurement points
    This device allows computations to clarify the boundaries and lithology of the rocks surrounding the well. However, the most important parameters for calculating the productivity of reservoirs, such as porosity and the nature of its filling, are calculated outside this device, which is its disadvantage.
    The aim of the invention is to provide a measurement of the conductivity of rocks, the determination of the rocks filled with water by their roughness.
    The goal is gay that a computational logging device for processing the results of microwave electromagnetic logging contains a computer with two inputs, one of which receives a signal that characterizes the attenuation of a microwave signal passing through the rocks near the borehole, and the other - equal to the phase shift between two measurement points, additionally introduced conductivity determination unit
    water in the rocks surrounding the well, and a block for determining the porosity of these rocks, filled with water, to the inputs of which the lines of the signals of the attenuation of the phase shift and water conductivity are connected.
    At the same time, the porosity determination unit contains a multiplier for amplifying the attenuation and phase shift signals and a comparison circuit, to the inputs of which the multiplier output and the output of the water conductivity detection unit are connected. .
    The conductivity determined by a logging device based on measuring the propagation of electromagnetic waves (EMP type) bG is related to the conductivity of water in rocks 6y and is almost a linear function of the water-filled porosity F, i.
    6
    EMW W W
    (one)
    Parameter 6 is the conductive water and is determined by both the bias currents and the conduction currents. This ratio can be compared with the commonly obtained ratio for a logging device by definition of resistivity or conductivity at low frequencies.
    6
    o w w
    (g)
    where 6 (, formation conductivity measured by a logging device to determine the resistivity or conductivity at low frequencies completely saturated with water with conductivity 6, For most types of rock, m usually has a value of about 2, but for an EMP device is applicable with relation (1), i.e. the porosity index is 1.
    The proposed device is used to determine the water-filled porosity of the rocks surrounding the boreholes. If the porosity value is already known from other logging information, the device can be used to determine the conductivity (apparent conductivity) of water in the rocks surrounding a borehole. You can also determine their water.
    five
    s 0
    50
    five
    0 5
    so 55
    The rock formation is assumed to be a matrix, which may consist of any solid mineralogical material. Porosity filled with water means that part of the unit volume of the reservoir (matrix plus fluid) is filled with water. Blocks are provided in the device for determining the attenuation of microwave electromagnetic energy propagated by spaced points in the well, and this value is, for example, the attenuation constant ot. Raerabotany also blocks for
    Determining the relative phase shift of microwave electromagnetic energy propagating between spaced measurement points, this value being, for example, the phase constant E and blocks for determining the conductivity of water in the formation. The penetration zone surrounding the well is investigated, and the conductivity of the water can be determined by the conductivity of the drilling fluid used in drilling and the sludge filtrate. Nodes are proposed for determining a parameter that is directly proportional to the product; and p and inversely proportional to the conductivity of water in the reservoir. The resulting parameter denotes the water-filled porosity of the formation adjacent to the well.
    According to the invention, the conductivity 6 or the apparent conductivity of the water in the formations surrounding the well is determined. Nodes are provided to determine the value representing the porosity of the reservoir filled with water, and this value characterizing the porosity is obtained, for example, according to a known device. Nodes are also provided for a fifth grade. which is directly proportional to the product of the first and second values, and inversely proportional to the value obtained, which characterizes the porosity. The resulting fifth value is a characteristic of the conductivity 6 of water in the formations adjacent to the well. To determine the apparent conductivity of water, devices are provided to determine the total porosity of rocks, which can be obtained, for example, by using known devices for neutron, density or acoustic logging. The same value is determined in the same way, but as a value characterizing porosity, the fifth value obtained is a characteristic of the apparent conductivity 6 of water in the test medium.
    FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the device; in fig. 2 shows a microwave electromagnetic transverse wave propagation model in a rock formation; in fig. 3 - block diagram of the amplitude comparator; in fig. 4-7 .- variants of block diagrams of logging computing device.
    According to expression (2), consider a plane electromagnetic wave propagating in a dielectric medium without loss. This wave travels at a speed of 1
      (3)
    / mg
    where f is the magnetic permeability; - dielectric constant
    environment.
    If the medium is non-magnetic, it can be considered as a known constant, but can be determined from the relation
    € 1
    p v
    (41
    Consider two points located in a certain spatial relation along the direction of wave propagation. For a given angular frequency uJ, the wave phase difference for two points is
    cs;
    where L is the distance between two points, i.e. measurement base; p is the phase constant of the wave.
    The previous relationships are suitable for a medium in which no loss occurs, but the medium to be investigated usually has a marked conductivity. The propagation constant Y of a plane electromagnetic wave propagating in a lossless medium is a complex quantity of the form
    --aJVpe
    f7
    uJ
    (6)
    where b is the conductivity of the medium.
    For the case when-b is equal to O or very
    little member - (tangent of angle on uJt
    loss) can be neglected, and we have Y, which corresponds to the equation for the case without loss. However, when 6 is significant, the loss tangent member can be kept relatively small by choosing a relatively large 1x3. Measurements of the dielectric constant can be further corrected by the loss tangent.
    For a better understanding of the device, we first represent the real and imaginary parts of the propagation constant.
    and get
    m, as q and o, respectively.
    r (,
    (T
    where of. associated with wave attenuation or loss. The propagation constant is used in the known wave equation as j jC, so that the real part of the propagation constant becomes the imaginary part of the exponent and vice versa. Squaring equation (6) and (7) and equating the real and imaginary parts, we get
     2 2
    P -oL (g,
    2c.tp. ). (9).
    Equation (9) can be used to determine conductivity in the form
    62oip
    p uJ
    (ten.)
    This conductivity, determined using an EMP-type logging device to determine the propagation of microwave electromagnetic waves, and designated, is related to the conductivity of water in formation 6 as a practically linear function of water-filled porosity. As follows from expression (1), where it is the conductivity determined using the EMP device, F is the water-filled porosity of the rocks, and 6 is the conductivity of water in the formations and includes both the DS conductivity and the conductivity associated with dielectric. lost Knowing any of the members of i or Я5, one can determine the remaining unknown. To further use ratio (1), we define apparent conductivity 6 as
    F
    b- .6 C11) w and F
    where f is the total porosity of the rock pores
    Parameter
    .
    I
    characterizes water saturation S, T.e. that part of the pore volume that is filled with water. Solving equation (11) with respect to 6 and the substitution in equation (1), we obtain
    ()
    which is a form of equation (1), however, in units of apparent water conductivity and total porosity.
    Equation (12) can be used, for example, to determine if Φ is known. The thus defined can then be used to get water out of the equation
    with ai
      b
    (13)
    which directly follows from relation (11), and 6 can be obtained from the conductivity of the filtrate of the solution. The value of S is important, since the 8c hydrocarbons are usually equal to (1–8). To represent these relationships differently, it should be borne in mind that & when ff, i.e. when there is a 100% water saturation.
    Through the rocks 1 passes Severe well 2. Usually the well is filled with drilling mud or sludge, which contain finely divided suspension particles. An EMP silo type survey device. The logging device 3 is suspended in a borehole on a reinforced cable 4, the length of which practically determines the relative depth of the device. The cable length is controlled by means of a suitable device located on the surface, for example a drum and a winch (not shown).
    to
    ts
    20
    25
    thirty
    35
    45 and 50 55 318
    The logging device includes an elongated cylindrical wellbore projectile 5, in the inner part of which there is a waterproof space, in which most of the downhill electronic units are located. A pair of arcuate spring centralizers 6 and 7 is mounted on the wellbore. On the spring 6 a shoe 8 is mounted, which contains a transmitting antenna 9 and vertically located receiving antennas 10 and 11. On the spring 7 a second shoe 12 is mounted, which can be non-working and facilitates smooth vertical movement of the borehole device through the borehole. In this shoe there may be electrodes or other additional devices for studying surrounding formations. Electronic signals that carry information received by the borehole are transmitted via cable to the ground.
    A device for maintaining antennas in accordance with the borehole profile can be replaced, for example, by hydraulic pressure units.
    For a more detailed description of the wave propagation path (Fig. 2), one can refer to equation (2). The shoe 8 is located against the side of the borehole 2, which is filled with drill cuttings. Typically, the fluid pressure in the formations through which the borehole passes is less than the hydrostatic pressure of the sludge column in the borehole, so that the sludge and filtrate of the psham penetrate to some extent into the formations. The rock strata hold the fine particles suspended in the sludge, and clay on the crust forms on the walls of the well. The thickness of this crust varies depending on, for example, permeability, but usually a very thin crust is usually present on the walls of the borehole. Shoe 8 is in contact with the clay crust, which is depicted more thick than it actually is.
    Transmitting antenna 9 radiates microwave electromagnetic energy into rocks, as indicated by arrow 13. The resulting surface wave, which propagates in the formation, is shown by arrow 14, and its continuation is indicated by arrow 15. Surface
    y1
    the wave continuously transfers energy back to the high loss environment (clay per crust), and those portions of the energy that propagate in the direction of the receivers 10 and 11 are represented by arrows 16 and 17, respectively. If the segments of the path, represented by arrows 16 and 17, are assumed to be almost equal, then the difference between the received energy 10 (along the path 13-14-16) and energy 11 (along the path 13-14-15-17) is determined by the distance represented by the arrow 15, i.e. distance between receivers. Accordingly, the differential receiver device allows to investigate a portion of the rocks located approximately opposite the spaced receivers 10 and 11. Typically, the studied rocks are accompanied by penetration zones that surround the mudcake in the borehole and contain sludge fluids that are filtered through this clayey crust.
    The generator 18 (Fig. 1), made of microcircuits on a solid, excites energy in the microwave region of the spectrum in the frequency range between about 300 MHz and 300 GHz. The generator 18 can operate at a frequency of 1.1 GHz, i.e. 1.1 X 10 Hz. The output of generator 18 is connected via attenuator 19 to transmitting antenna 9 and emits energy into the surrounding rocks. - Energy that reaches receiving antennas 10 and 11, respectively, hits the output terminals of mixers 20 and 21. The measured signals from receivers 10 and 11 differ in phase relative to each other by a value that depends on the phase constant | 3, and the ratio of their amplitudes depends on the decay constant with /. The second input terminals of the mixers supply microwave energy at a frequency that is formed from the frequency of the transmitter. This frequency is in the radio frequency range. The generator 22 supplies microwave energy to mixers 20 and 21 with a frequency of 100 GHz above the transmitter frequency. Therefore, the signals at the outputs of the mixers 20 and 21 - 23 and 24 social networks are the difference frequency of 100 KHz. Signals 23 and 24 maintain the phase-to-amplitude ratio of signals from receivers 10 and 11, but the task of phase detection is much easier.
    110
    with low frequency mixed signals. To maintain the frequency difference between the outputs of the generators 18 and 22 at 100 KHz, the signals from the output of the generators are fed into mixer 25. The output of the mixer is connected to a frequency stabilizer 26, which controls the generator 22 using a conventional phase-locked loop and generates the corresponding control signal 27.
    The signals 23 and 24 are fed to the circuit of the phase detector 28 and the comparator 29 amplitudes. The output of the phase detector 28 produces a signal whose level is proportional to the phase difference P between the signals received at receivers 10 and 11 and, therefore, proportional to p according to the ratio, where L is the distance between the two receivers. For a certain frequency of operation, o) the phase difference P is also proportional to the time of passage through the rock at a distance L in accordance with the ratio
    R
    t р1 - г-т where t р1 is the time of passage of the distance wave L. At the generator 29 amplitude output, the signal is proportional to the attenuation constant about
    FIG. 3 shows a block 29 for obtaining an output signal proportional to oL. Signals 23 and. 24 respectively enter the logarithmic amplifiers 30 and 31, the outputs of which are connected to the differential amplifier 32. At the output of the differential amplifier 32, we have a signal whose level is proportional to-. Imagine the amplitude of the energy of the wave that reached the antenna 10 in the form of Ae, where A is a constant amplitude; Z is the distance separating blocks 9 and 10. It follows that the amplitude of the wave reaching antenna 11 should be expressed as (Z + L), where L is the distance separating receivers 10 and 11. The ratio of the amplitudes of the waves to two receivers is therefore
    Ae
    i ()
    d.
     one
    -el
    Therefore, the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitudes of the waves is proportional to i .. Hence, it is clear that block 29 (Fig. 3) leads to the same mathematical result
    one, giving the logarithm difference of the wave amplitudes.
    The outputs of the signals (Fig. 1), corresponding to and oL, are transmitted to the surface through a pair of conductors, which are the cores of the reinforced cable 4. These signals can be amplified before being transmitted to the surface. On the surface of the earth, signals are fed to a computational logging device — a computer module 33, which calculates the porosity F filled with water in accordance with the relation (1). In another variant, you are: the water conductivity in the rocks is defined according to the ratio ( 1), and the apparent conductivity of water is calculated in accordance with relation (12). The calculated (Fig. 1) porosity (signal 34) and / or water conductivity (signal 35) and / or apparent water conductivity (signal 36) are recorded on a recorder 37 which records these values as a function of the depth of the well due to mechanical connection with rotating winch 38.
    Winch 38 is connected to cable 4 and rotates synchronously with its movement, so that its rotation is a function of the depth of the well. Thus, Φ and / or и and / or are recorded as a function of the depth of the well on the recorder 37.
    FIG. 4, 5 and 6 are block diagrams of various possible variants of the computer module 33, which receives signals characterizing the measured values / 3 and ot, respectively. FIG. 4, the signals arriving at the computer module are connected in a multiplier 39, which generates a signal proportional to the output in accordance with equation (10). The signal representing 6 can be recorded on the recorder 37 as indicated by line 40 in FIG. 4 and 1. This signal, in turn, is fed to one input of the comparison circuit 41, the other input of which receives a signal corresponding to & j, i.e. conductivity of water formation. In the described type of EMP logging device, detectable microwave energy usually propagates through the penetration zone of rocks, so that a suitable value for b is the conductivity of the drilling filtrate

    five
    0
    3112
    sludge Accordingly, the level of the signal representing a magnitude can usually be chosen in accordance with the conductivity of the slurry filtrate b. At the output of the comparison circuit 41, we have a signal characterizing the magnitude F, i.e. water-filled porosity of the studied formations, which follows from relation (1). Filled with water porosity F | defined as the part of water per unit volume of all or most of the formation, and is therefore a measure of the amount of water in the formation. In this sense, a member corresponding to a water-filled formation can be replaced with a member to express the quantity, volume, or part of water in the formation. If Φ is less than P, i.e. in accordance with the relation (13), it is possible to judge the presence of hydrocarbons.
    FIG. Figure 5 shows another type of computer module used to determine the water reducibility in order to have comparative measurements. Again use the multiplier circuit 42 and the comparison circuit 44. In this case, the comparison circuit’s signal is again given a signal representing the ir. In this case, another input of the comparison circuit 44 gives a signal corresponding to the porosity of rocks filled with water, which is evident from relation (t). A signal representing can be obtained by measuring the attenuation and phase using an EMP device in accordance with the technique presented by block 43 (FIG. 5), with this block and its inputs shown in dashed lines.
    The type of computer module used to determine the apparent conductance bn contains the multiplier circuit 45 and the comparison circuit 46 (Fig. 6). One reference input 46 corresponds to a signal. At the other input of the comparison circuit 46, a signal is given corresponding to the total porosity of the rocks F. According to relation (12). A signal representing the total porosity of rocks can be determined, for example, from neutron and / or acoustic data, or from density logs.
    FIG. 7 shows a possible embodiment of the computer module 33, which is determined by the ratio 13
    nor (1). Solving equation (13) with T gives
    6 S F
    and m t
    (15)
    substitute f. in equation (1), we get
    E mr
    diagrams 47 used
    FIG. 7
    and 48 multiplier and 49 comparison circuit. To another comparison input, 48-signal is given from the output of the phase multiplier, which, in turn, receives signals characterizing I and b. Thus, it is clear that
    at the output of the comparison circuit 48, the signal corresponds to S, and it is fed to the recorder 37 via line 50
    1232131I
    Relationships Described circuits for obtaining analog signals that represent pseudo-magnitudes, however, a general-purpose digital computer can be easily programmed to implement the described methodology. It is possible to use the principles of the well known compensation well technique and / or the use of additional channels. Measured values can be refined by taking into account the effects associated with the presence of a crust of clay, changes in distribution or temperature fluctuations. Although conductivity values have been used, you can use the inverse
    tife)
    ten
    f5
    since the inverse of the conductivity is resistivity.
    since the inverse of the conductivity is resistivity.
    lif.t
    权利要求:
    Claims (2)
    [1]
    1. A COMPUTING LOGGING DEVICE FOR PROCESSING RESULTS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC LOGGING, containing a computer with two inputs, one of which receives a signal characterizing the attenuation of an microwave wave passing through the other signal through the other signal to the well being studied, two measurement points, characterized in that, in order to ensure the measurement of conductivity of rocks filled with water, it contains a unit for determining conductivity and water in the rocks * surrounding the well, and a unit for determining the porosity of these rocks * to the inputs of which are connected the signal lines of the attenuation of the phase shift t and the conductivity of the water.
    [2]
    2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the unit for determining porosity contains a multiplier for amplifying signals and phase shift and a comparison circuit, the inputs of which are connected to the output of the multiplier and the output of the unit for determining the conductivity of water.
    > cn
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    DE2825908A1|1979-01-18|
    IE780937L|1978-12-16|
    AU3622578A|1979-11-22|
    CA1110697A|1981-10-13|
    FR2394819B1|1982-11-19|
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    AU524321B2|1982-09-09|
    GB1602545A|1981-11-11|
    NO153706B|1986-01-27|
    NO153706C|1986-05-14|
    OA05987A|1981-06-30|
    NO781791L|1978-12-19|
    US4158165A|1979-06-12|
    引用文献:
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US05/806,983|US4158165A|1977-06-16|1977-06-16|Apparatus and method for determining subsurface formation properties|
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